Drónok használata terrorszervezetek által
Kulcsszavak:
drón, felhasználás, terrorista, propaganda, sikertelenségAbsztrakt
A dróntechnológia lassan mindennapjaink részévé válik, előnyeire azonban a terroristák már több mint két és fél évtizede felfigyeltek, felhasználásuk a 2000-es évek elején szaporodott meg. A pilóta nélküli repülők legkreatívabb felhasználása pedig kétségkívül az Iszlám Államhoz kötődik. Jelen tanulmányban arra a kérdésre keressük a választ, hogy az elmúlt időszakban milyen céllal és milyen eredményességgel vetették be ezt az új technológiát a terrorista szervezetek. Meghatározzuk a pilóta nélküli repülő eszközök terrorista szempontból optimális tulajdonságait, számba vesszük az 1994 óta történt jelentősebb terrorista drónműveleteket. Végül az Iszlám Állam példáján keresztül elemezzük a drón támadások propaganda célú felhasználását, valamint az ISIL példáján keresztül rámutatunk a rosszindulatú drónhasználat kockázataira, azaz drónok használatának sikertelenségére és annak következményeire.
Hivatkozások
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[27] Romaniuk (2017) i.m. lsd. [12]
[28] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
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[30] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
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[32] Utterback, Mitch: How ISIS is turning commercial drones into weapons in the battle for Mosul. 2017. Elérhető: www.foxnews.com/tech/how-isis-is-turningcommercial-drones-into-weapons-in-the-battle-for-mosul Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[33] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[34] Abc.net.au: Syria: footage shows Islamic State drone blowing up stadium ammo dump. ABC News, 25 Oct. 2017. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/footage-shows-is-drone-attack-on-syrian-government-stadium/9085750 Letöltve: 2021.03.28
[35] Tadjdeh, Yasmin: Islamic state militants in Syria now have drone capabilities. National Defense, 28 Aug. 2014. http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2014/8/28/islamic-state-militants-in-syria-now-have-drone-capabilities Letöltve: 2021.03.28
[36] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[37] Al Jazeera: Yemen: Houthis launch drone attacks on Saudi airports, airbase . 5 Aug 2019. Elérhető: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/5/yemen-houthis-launch-drone-attacks-on-saudi-airports-airbase Letöltve: 2021.03.28
[38] Timesofisrael.com: IDF names Iranian general as mastermind of thwarted drone attack plot. 27 August 2019. Elérhető: www.timesofisrael.com/idf-names-iranian-general-as-mastermind-of-thwarted-drone-attack-plot Letöltve: 2021.04.03
[39] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
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[41] Koettl, Christoph – Marcolini, Barbara: A Closer Look at the Drone Attack on Maduro in Venezuela. New York Times, 10 August 2018. www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/venezuela-video-analysis.html Letöltve: 2021.04.03
[42] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
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[44] Fishman, Alex: The new explosive drone threat from Gaza. Ynetnews, 7 July 2018. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5318598,00.html Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[45] Archambault – Veilleux-Lepage (2020) i.m. lsd. [2]
[46] Rassler, Don: Remotely piloted innovation: terrorism, drones and supportive technology. West Point, NY, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, Oct. 2016. https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication.html/1b5ae13e-bbff-4c4c-a5e0-def2189d56d4 Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[47] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[48] Beninati, Joseph A.: Examining the Cyber Operations of ISIS. Order No. 10108064, Utica College, 2016, Ann Arbor: ProQuest, Web, 18 December 2019. Elérhető: https://hssonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ISISdiss77-10-4444-COMPLETE-2-08.29.2017.pdf Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[49] Galehan, Jordan N.: Gender and the Enactment of Suicide Bombings by Boko Haram. Order No. 13901011, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2019, Ann Arbor: ProQuest, Web, 18 December 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2713&context=dissertations Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[2] Archambault, Emil – Veilleux-Lepage, Yannick: Drone imagery in Islamic State propaganda: flying like a state. International Affairs, Volume 96, Issue 4, July 2020, Pages 955–973, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiaa014 Letöltve: 2021.03.10.
[3] Krajnc Zoltán: Drónok, hibrid fenyegetés, terrorizmus a légtérből: a légi hadviselés privatizálása. Hadmérnök XIII. évfolyam 4. szám, 2018. december. 358–369. http://hadmernok.hu/184_29_kranjc.pdf Letöltve: 2021.03.12.
[4] Serbakov Márton Tibor: A terroristák drónhasználata. Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle 7. évfolyam (2019) 4. szám 30–43. https://folyoirat.ludovika.hu/index.php/nbsz/article/view/829 Letöltve: 2021.03.12.
[5] Hirklikk.hu: Drónos terrorveszély a világban – az Országgyűlést is védik ellenük. 2019.08.05. https://hirklikk.hu/kozelet/dronos-terrorveszely-a-vilagban-az-orszaggylest-is-vedik-ellenuk/353318. Letöltve: 2021.03.12.
[6] Trautmann Balázs: Drónvadászat. https://honvedelem.hu/hatter/haditechnika/dronvadaszat.html. Letöltve: 2021.03.12.
[7] Archambault – Veilleux-Lepage (2020) i.m. lsd. [2]
[8] Bunker, Robert J.: Terrorist and Insurgent unmanned aerial vehicles: Use, potential and military implications. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College (2015). Elérhető: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep11741. Letöltve: 2021.03.15.
[9] Archambault – Veilleux-Lepage (2020) i.m. lsd. [2]
[10] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[11] Smithson, Amy E.: Rethinking the Lessons of Tokyo. In: Ataxia: The Chemical and Biological Terrorism Threat and the US Response. Washington, DC, Henry L. Stimson Center, 2000. https://www.stimson.org/2000/ataxia-chemical-and-biological-terrorism-threat-and-us-response/. Letöltve: 2021.03.20
[12] Romaniuk, Scott N. – Burgers, Tobias, J.: Entering the Era of ‘Unmanned Terrorism’. Terrorism Monitor Volume: 15 Issue: 1. January 13, 2017. Elérhető: https://jamestown.org/program/entering-era-unmanned-terrorism/ Letöltve: 2021.03.20
[13] Krajnc (2018) i.m.lsd. [3]
[14] Miasnikov, Eugene: Terrorists Develop Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. On „Mirsad 1” Fight Over Israel. December 6, 2004. Elérhető: http://www.armscontrol.ru/UAV/mirsad1.htm Letöltve: 2021.03.21
[15] G4s.com: Corporate Risk Services: Drones: Threat from Above. 2017. Elérhető: https://www.g4s.com/-/media/g4s/canada/files/whitepapers/usa/drones_threat_from_above.ashx?la=en&la=en Letöltve: 2021.03.21
[16] Miasnikov (2004) i.m. lsd. [14]
[17] Fernandez, Belen: Meet Ayoub: The Muslim drone. 18 Oct 2012.: https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2012/10/18/meet-ayoub-the-muslim-drone Letöltve: 2021.03.21
[18] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[19] Sterman, Adiv: Hezbollah Drones Wreak Havoc on Syrian Rebel Bases. The Times of Israel, 21 Sept. 2014. www.timesofisrael.com/hezbollah-drones-wreak-havoc-on-syrian-rebel-bases Letöltve: 2021.03.21
[20] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[21] United States v. Chandia, 675 F.3d 329 (4th Cir. 2012).: https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-chandia Letöltve: 2021.03.23
[22] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[23] Hall, John: ISIS Propaganda, Call of Duty-Style: Latest Footage Shows Drone’s View of Battle-Ravaged Streets of Kobane before Swooping in to Show Gun Battles on the Ground. Daily Mail, December 12, 2014. www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2871389/ISIS-propaganda-Call-Duty-style-Latestfootage-shows-drone-s-view-battle-ravaged-streets-Kobane-swoopinggun-battles-ground.html Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[24] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[25] Alexander, David: U.S. Has Flown 2,320 Strikes against Islamic State at a Cost of $1.83 Billion: Official, Reuters, March 19, 2015. www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/19/us-mideast-crisis-usa-idUSKBN0MF2HC20150319 Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[26] Hambling, David: ISIS is Reportedly Packing Drones with Explosives Now, Popular Mechanics, December 16, 2015. http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a18577/isis-packing-drones-with-explosive Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[27] Romaniuk (2017) i.m. lsd. [12]
[28] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[29] Sterman, Adiv: Hezbollah Drones Wreak Havoc on Syrian Rebel Bases. The Times of Israel, 21 Sept. 2014. www.timesofisrael.com/hezbollah-drones-wreak-havoc-on-syrian-rebel-bases Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[30] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[31] France24.com: Exclusive: IS Group's Armoured Drones Attack from the Skies in Battle for Raqqa. France 24, 26 June 2017. www.france24.com/en/20170626-syria-exclusive-raqqa-drones-islamic-state-group-battle Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[32] Utterback, Mitch: How ISIS is turning commercial drones into weapons in the battle for Mosul. 2017. Elérhető: www.foxnews.com/tech/how-isis-is-turningcommercial-drones-into-weapons-in-the-battle-for-mosul Letöltve: 2021.03.27
[33] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[34] Abc.net.au: Syria: footage shows Islamic State drone blowing up stadium ammo dump. ABC News, 25 Oct. 2017. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-25/footage-shows-is-drone-attack-on-syrian-government-stadium/9085750 Letöltve: 2021.03.28
[35] Tadjdeh, Yasmin: Islamic state militants in Syria now have drone capabilities. National Defense, 28 Aug. 2014. http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2014/8/28/islamic-state-militants-in-syria-now-have-drone-capabilities Letöltve: 2021.03.28
[36] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[37] Al Jazeera: Yemen: Houthis launch drone attacks on Saudi airports, airbase . 5 Aug 2019. Elérhető: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/5/yemen-houthis-launch-drone-attacks-on-saudi-airports-airbase Letöltve: 2021.03.28
[38] Timesofisrael.com: IDF names Iranian general as mastermind of thwarted drone attack plot. 27 August 2019. Elérhető: www.timesofisrael.com/idf-names-iranian-general-as-mastermind-of-thwarted-drone-attack-plot Letöltve: 2021.04.03
[39] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[40] Axe, David: Great, Mexican Drug Cartels Now Have Weaponized Drones. Vice, 25 October 2017. https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/j5jmb4/mexican-drug-cartels-have-weaponized-drones Letöltve: 2021.04.03
[41] Koettl, Christoph – Marcolini, Barbara: A Closer Look at the Drone Attack on Maduro in Venezuela. New York Times, 10 August 2018. www.nytimes.com/2018/08/10/world/americas/venezuela-video-analysis.html Letöltve: 2021.04.03
[42] Serbakov (2019) i.m. lsd. [4]
[43] Woods, Chris: Sudden justice: America's secret drone wars. New York, Oxford University Press, 2015. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/sudden-justice-9780190202590?cc=hu&lang=en& Letöltve: 2021.04.03
[44] Fishman, Alex: The new explosive drone threat from Gaza. Ynetnews, 7 July 2018. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-5318598,00.html Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[45] Archambault – Veilleux-Lepage (2020) i.m. lsd. [2]
[46] Rassler, Don: Remotely piloted innovation: terrorism, drones and supportive technology. West Point, NY, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, Oct. 2016. https://css.ethz.ch/en/services/digital-library/publications/publication.html/1b5ae13e-bbff-4c4c-a5e0-def2189d56d4 Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[47] Bunker (2015) i.m. lsd. [8]
[48] Beninati, Joseph A.: Examining the Cyber Operations of ISIS. Order No. 10108064, Utica College, 2016, Ann Arbor: ProQuest, Web, 18 December 2019. Elérhető: https://hssonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/ISISdiss77-10-4444-COMPLETE-2-08.29.2017.pdf Letöltve: 2021.04.04
[49] Galehan, Jordan N.: Gender and the Enactment of Suicide Bombings by Boko Haram. Order No. 13901011, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2019, Ann Arbor: ProQuest, Web, 18 December 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2713&context=dissertations Letöltve: 2021.04.04
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